1. Energy efficiency - The building should be designed with the highest level of energy efficiency possible, minimizing the use of energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and other purposes.
2. Passive solar design - The building should be designed to take advantage of passive solar heating and cooling. This can include orientation to maximize sunlight exposure, using thermal mass to store and distribute heat and using shading to block unwanted heat.
3. Renewable energy generation - The building should be equipped with on-site generation of renewable energy such as solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems. The energy produced should be enough to meet the building's energy demand.
4. Energy Storage - When energy is produced beyond the building's current demand, excess energy should be stored in batteries or other storage systems for later use.
5. HVAC system design - The HVAC system should be designed with a focus on efficiency, ensuring that heating and cooling are delivered efficiently, and that ventilation systems are in place for healthy indoor air quality.
6. Insulation and air-sealing - Proper insulation and air-sealing techniques are essential for reducing energy loss.
7. Water conservation - Ideally, the building should have a rainwater harvesting system for non-potable uses like irrigation. Low-flow fixtures and appliances should also be incorporated.
8. Material selection - Selection of materials for the building should be based on durability as well as energy efficiency.
9. Commissioning - The building should include a comprehensive commissioning procedure to ensure that all systems function as intended and are meeting the designed performance criteria.
10. Maintenance - Regular maintenance and monitoring of the building's systems are critical to ensure long-term energy efficiency and zero energy operation.
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