Egyptian architects employed several techniques to design structures that could withstand harsh weather conditions. Some of these techniques included:
1. Orientation: Architects carefully planned the orientation of the structures to minimize their exposure to the strongest winds and the harshest sun. This was achieved by positioning the buildings with their main facades facing north and south, and with smaller openings facing east and west.
2. Building materials: Egyptians used durable and weather-resistant materials such as limestone, granite, and sandstone for their construction. These materials had excellent thermal insulation properties and could withstand extreme temperatures.
3. Roof design: Roofs were usually flat or slightly sloping to prevent rainwater from accumulating and causing damage. They were constructed with overhanging eaves that provided shade and protected the walls from direct sunlight and wind-driven rain.
4. Constructive elements: Architects employed structural elements like buttresses, which provided additional support and stability against strong winds. These buttresses were designed to counteract the forces exerted by lateral wind pressure.
5. Earth berms: In some cases, architects designed structures to be partially buried or surrounded by earth berms to provide insulation and protection from extreme temperatures and wind.
6. Drainage systems: Architects incorporated efficient drainage systems to channel rainwater away from the structures and prevent water damage. These systems usually included canals, gutters, and cleverly designed drains.
7. Windbreakers: In open areas, architects constructed low walls or planted rows of trees to act as windbreakers. These barriers helped reduce wind velocity and provided protection to nearby structures.
By combining these design techniques, Egyptian architects were able to create structures that could withstand the harsh weather conditions prevalent in Egypt, such as scorching heat, sandstorms, and occasional heavy rainfall.
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