Moroccan buildings incorporate traditional cooling techniques using water in various ways. Here are a few examples:
1. Riads and Courtyards: Many traditional Moroccan houses, known as riads, are designed with central courtyards. These courtyards often feature fountains or small pools of water. The water helps to cool the air as it evaporates, creating a refreshing atmosphere. The evaporation process absorbs heat, reducing the temperature in the surrounding area.
2. Windcatchers: Windcatchers, also known as malqaf or badgir, are architectural features that promote natural ventilation and cooling. These structures are essentially tall towers with multiple openings at the top, designed to catch and guide breezes into the building. In some cases, windcatchers also have a small basin at the bottom to collect water. As the wind blows over the water, it cools down, and the cool air is then directed into the house.
3. Qanats: Qanats, also called khettaras, are a network of underground tunnels that bring water from distant sources to urban areas. These qanats act as cooling systems by utilizing gravity to move water, which keeps the tunnels cool. Buildings located near qanats, especially in hot and arid regions like the desert, benefit from the cool air coming through underground ventilation shafts connected to the qanats.
4. Water Features: Several traditional Moroccan buildings incorporate various water features, such as reflective pools, fountains, and water channels. These features not only provide aesthetic appeal but also help cool the surroundings. Water surfaces promote evaporative cooling, reducing the temperature in the vicinity.
5. Mashrabiya: Mashrabiya is a traditional wooden latticework screen often found in Moroccan buildings. These screens are typically placed on the windows, balconies, or rooftops and are designed with small openings. The mashrabiya allows airflow, but also provides shade and privacy. When water is sprinkled or poured onto the mashrabiya, the evaporative cooling effect further reduces the temperature entering the building.
6. Architectural Techniques: Moroccan buildings often incorporate thick walls and high ceilings to maintain comfortable temperatures. The thick walls act as thermal mass, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it slowly during the cooler nights. Ceilings are typically higher to allow hot air to rise and escape, while the lower part of the room stays cooler.
These traditional cooling techniques using water have allowed Moroccan architecture to adapt to the hot climate, creating comfortable and refreshing spaces for the inhabitants.
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