1) High-performance windows: Windows are one of the weakest points in a building’s envelope, allowing heat transfer in and out. Energy-efficient windows with low-emissivity coatings, multiple panes of glass, and gas-filled spaces help to retain heat in the winter and keep heat out in the summer.
2) Insulation: A well-insulated facade can significantly reduce energy consumption by minimizing heat transfer through walls and roofs. High-performance insulation materials such as spray foam or cellulose insulation provide better insulation and reduce air infiltration.
3) Solar control devices: External shading devices such as louvers, wing walls, or fins can prevent direct sunlight from entering a building, reducing cooling demands. Light-colored or reflective surfaces, such as cool roofs and pervious pavements, also reflect heat and reduce the heat island effect.
4) Ventilation systems: Mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery units can bring in fresh air while minimizing heat loss by capturing and transferring heat from exhaust air to incoming fresh air.
5) Green roofs and walls: Green roofs and walls can provide natural insulation, reduce heat absorption, and lower cooling demands by evaporating water through transpiration, resulting in cooler internal temperatures.
6) Facade-integrated renewable energy systems: Facades can be designed to incorporate solar panels or other renewable energy systems, such as wind turbines or micro-hydro systems, to generate electricity and reduce reliance on energy from the national grid.
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