Persian architects employed several strategies to promote natural ventilation in their interior spaces. Some of these techniques include:
1. Wind catchers: Persian architecture is known for its "Badgir" or wind catchers. These tall, tower-like structures were mainly positioned on rooftops to capture cool breezes and direct them into the building. Wind catchers were designed with openings facing the prevailing winds to maximize air circulation. As wind entered the tower, it would cool down and descend into the interior spaces via vents, creating a natural cooling effect.
2. Courtyard design: One of the defining features of Persian architecture is the central courtyard, known as "hayat" or "iwan." These courtyards were surrounded by rooms that had windows and doors opening onto them. By having multiple openings, it allowed for cross-ventilation where air could flow between the rooms and the courtyard, promoting natural air circulation.
3. Double-skin walls: Persian architects employed the use of double-skin walls, known as "shabestans." These walls were constructed with an outer and inner layer, leaving a gap in between. The gap acted as a natural insulator, helping to regulate temperature and allowing for ventilation. The outer walls also had small openings or vents to allow fresh air to enter and flow through the gap, providing cooling.
4. Perforated screens: Persian architects incorporated intricately designed wooden or mud brick screens, known as "mashrabiya" or "jali" screens, in their buildings. These screens were often placed over openings such as windows or doors and featured intricate patterns of small openings. The screens allowed for air to pass through while offering privacy and shading from direct sunlight.
5. Skylights: Persian architecture made use of skylights, known as "roshandels" or "oculi," to introduce natural light and aid in ventilation. Skylights were positioned strategically on roofs or high walls to allow hot air to rise and escape while drawing in cooler air through lower openings, establishing a natural cooling convection cycle.
By combining these architectural elements and techniques, Persian architects achieved effective natural ventilation within their interior spaces, ensuring comfort in hot climates.
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