In Persian interior spaces, vaulted and domed ceilings were prevalent architectural elements known for their grandeur and elegance. These ceilings were commonly seen in various structures, including palaces, mosques, and mausoleums, reflecting the rich cultural and artistic heritage of Persia (modern-day Iran). Below, I will provide a detailed explanation about the common types of vaulted and domed ceilings found in Persian interior spaces:
1. Iwan Vault:
One of the most distinctive architectural features in Persian interiors is the iwan vault. An iwan is a large, rectangular, or arched recess often used as an entrance or focal point in a room. The vaulted ceiling above the iwan typically follows the same arched shape and features intricate geometrical patterns or stalactite-like designs known as muqarnas. The muqarnas create an illusion of depth while adding a captivating visual appeal to the vaulted ceiling.
2. Muqarnas Dome:
Muqarnas domes are another common type of vaulted ceiling found in Persian interior spaces. They consist of a series of small, pointed niche-like structures, which are arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern to form the dome. The muqarnas dome is an exquisite example of geometric ornamentation and can be found in monuments such as mosques and mausoleums. The combination of intricate stonework, colors, and architectural lighting gives these domes a mesmerizing effect.
3. Ribbed Vault:
The ribbed vault is a remarkable architectural feature frequently seen in Persian interiors. This type of ceiling is characterized by a series of intersecting arched ribs that support the structure. The ribs create a network of shallow domes or vaults, resulting in an elegant, multi-layered appearance. Ribbed vaults were employed in both large and small spaces, such as palaces, bathhouses, and mausoleums, and were typically adorned with decorative motifs and calligraphy.
4. Squinched Dome:
The squinched dome is a transitional architectural element commonly found in Persian interior spaces where a dome sits on a square or polygonal base. To transform the square base into a dome, the corners of the base are filled with triangular structures known as squinches or pendentives, which transition the flat base into an arched dome. Squinches also provide structural support and allow for the creation of impressive domes with intricate patterns and calligraphic designs.
5. Double Shelled Dome:
The double-shelled dome is a complex architectural feature that showcases the advanced engineering skills of Persian craftsmen. These vaulted ceilings consist of an inner and outer dome separated by a space filled with lightweight materials. The outer dome serves as a protective layer, shielding the internal structure from harsh weather conditions. This technique allowed for larger domes and increased stability. The double shelled domes can be seen in elaborate Persian palaces and religious structures.
Overall, the vaulted and domed ceilings in Persian interior spaces were characterized by their intricate geometric patterns, stunning muqarnas, vibrant calligraphy, and the skillful integration of light and shadow. These ceilings not only provided structural stability but also created an awe-inspiring and spiritually uplifting atmosphere in the spaces they adorned.
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