1. Strengthening or replacement of structural elements: This may involve adding new structural elements or replacing the existing ones to improve the load-carrying capacity of the bridge.
2. Seismic retrofitting: This involves adding seismic-resistant features to bridges to improve their ability to withstand earthquakes. This may include adding energy-dissipating devices or seismic isolation bearings.
3. Corrosion protection: This involves techniques to protect the bridge components from corrosion, such as applying coatings or cathodic protection.
4. Deck replacement or rehabilitation: This may involve repairing or replacing the bridge deck to extend the life of the structure.
5. Structural health monitoring: This involves installing sensors and monitoring systems to detect changes in the bridge's structural behavior and to identify problems at an early stage.
6. Expansion joint replacement: This involves replacing the expansion joints to ensure proper movement of the bridge components during temperature changes.
7. Scour protection: This involves protecting the bridge foundation from erosion caused by water flow or waves. This may involve adding riprap or other erosion control measures.
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